LINE FOLLOWER ROBOTS

The main trick making this design simple and affordable, is that the robot's chassis is actually the main board of the robot, where some supports for the wheels - also made of small parts of copper boards - are soldered to it. All the motors, and the skids are mounted on the main PCB.For an electronics hobbyist, PCB manufacturing is a skill that will be learnt sooner or later, so this design lets you use your experience in PCB manufacturing to design a high precision chassis for your robot.

LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT(OVERALL DESIGN):

Figure 1A shows a 3D graphical representation of the robot, where different parts can be clearly identified according to the following table:


Part #             Description
1                 The base of the robot, also the main PCB.
2                 Front skid
3                 Free Wheel, shaped as a pulley
4                 Plastic pulley
5                 Battery holder
6                 Pipe clamp use to hold the motors
7                 Ni-Cd 7.2V battery pack
8                 1200 rpm 6V motor

It is clear that the drive train of this robot is differential type, meaning the two rear wheels are responsible of moving the robot forward and backward, but are also used to turn the robot in any required direction depending the difference of speed between the right and left wheels.

The first thing that need some explanation is the fact that there are only 2 wheels, Well, while not being the best thing to do, a caster wheel can sometimes be replaced with a skid, when the robot weight and size are not important, and when the robot is designed for indoor environment, where the robot can move on relatively smooth surfaces, where friction wont be a serious problem. 

It may seem strange that the battery was placed on the top of the robot, and it is actually an important mistake, as a battery at that height totally destabilize the robot because it raises the center of gravity, increasing the moment of inertia.

 For this size of robot, a smaller li-ion battery, placed beneath the robot, would have given much better results.

MAGNETIC PROXIMITY SENSORS FOR BOTS

Here is an interesting circuit for a magnetic proximity switch which can be used in various applications.
The magnetic proximity switch circuit, in principle, consists of a reed switch at its heart. When a magnet is brought in the vicinity of the sensor (reed switch), it operates and controls the rest of the switching circuit. In place of the reed switch, one may, as well, use a general-purpose electromagnetic reed relay (by making use of the reed switch contacts) as the sensor, if required. These tiny reed relays are easily available as they are widely used in telecom products. The reed switch or relay to be used with this circuit should be the �normally open� type.
When a magnet is brought/placed in the vicinity of the sensor element for a moment, the contacts of the reed switch close to trigger timer IC1 wired in monostable mode. As a consequence its output at pin 3 goes high for a short duration and supplies clock to the clock input (pin 3) of IC2 (CD4013�dual
D-type flip-flop). LED D2 is used as a response indicator.
This CMOS IC2 consists of two independent flip-flops though here only one is used. Note that the flip-flop is wired in toggle mode with data input (pin 5) connected to the Q (pin 2) output. On receipt of clock pulse, the Q output changes from low to high state and due to this the relay driver transistor T1 gets forward-biased. As a result the relay RL1 is energised.

CIRCUIT FOR MAGNETIC PROXIMITY SENSOR:

COLOR SENSORS FOR ROBOTS

Colour sensor is an interesting project for hobbyists. The circuit can sense eight colours, i.e. blue, green and red (primary colours); magenta, yellow and cyan (secondary colours); and black and white. The circuit is based on the fundamentals of optics and digital electronics. The object whose colour is required to be detected should be placed in front of the system. The light rays reflected from the object will fall on the three convex lenses which are fixed in front of the three LDRs. The convex lenses are used to converge light rays. This helps to increase the sensitivity of LDRs. Blue, green and red glass plates (filters) are fixed in front of LDR1, LDR2 and LDR3 respectively. When reflected light rays from the object fall on the gadget, the coloured filter glass plates determine which of the LDRs would get triggered. The circuit makes use of only �AND� gates and �NOT� gates.
When a primary coloured light ray falls on the system, the glass plate corresponding to that primary colour will allow that specific light to pass through. But the other two glass plates will not allow any light to pass through. Thus only one LDR will get triggered and the gate output corresponding to that LDR will become logic 1 to indicate which colour it is. Similarly, when a secondary coloured light ray falls on the system, the two primary glass plates corres- ponding to the mixed colour will allow that light to pass through while the remaining one will not allow any light ray to pass through it. As a result two of the LDRs get triggered and the gate output corresponding to these will become logic 1 and indicate which colour it is.
When all the LDRs get triggered or remain untriggered, you will observe white and black light indications respectively. Following points may be carefully noted :
1. Potmeters VR1, VR2 and VR3 may be used to adjust the sensitivity of the LDRs.
2. Common ends of the LDRs should be connected to positive supply.
3. Use good quality light filters.
The LDR is mounded in a tube, behind a lens, and aimed at the object. The coloured glass filter should be fixed in front of the LDR as shown in the figure. Make three of that kind and fix them in a suitable case. Adjustments are critical and the gadget performance would depend upon its proper fabrication and use of correct filters as well as light conditions.


COLOUR SENSOR CIRCUIT:

COLOUR SENSOR:

RACING ROBOTS

According to normal thinking : for making a racing robot it required base ,motor and controlling circuit etc. So I introduce how to make a racing robot & requirement ?
Steps ->
1. Design (Base)
2. Motor & transmission
3. Electronics(wired or wireless circuit)

1. Design (Base): For Racing Robot the design is simple such as rectangular , triangular circular etc.

2.Motor :-> For racing use DC motor (college level) .In racing robot use -> 300 RPM , 12 V DC motor .

Electronics circuitry :->
There are two type : 1 . Wired 2. Wire less circuit
Required some component for wired circuit.
1 -> power supply (DC 12V & 7to8 A( current ) )
2-> remote circuit
3-> motor driver circuit
1-> power supply : for power supply use transformer & battery .
a)-> transformer : for power supply use step down transformer (that convert 230 V AC to 12 V AC) and use rectifier circuit (four diode are required).
Rectifier circuit :->Use four diode (Rating of diode 1N4007 maximum current are follow 7 A ),capacitor (12 V to 15 V & 1000 micro. F).Rectifier circuit are use for convert AC supply to DC supply

ROBOT MECHANISM

The design of a robot manipulator is modeled on the human arm, but with some differences. For example, a robotic arm may extend telescopically, ie sliding cylindrical sections within another to lengthen the arm. Robotic arms also can be constructed so that they bend like an elephant trunk. The clamps are designed to mimic the function and structure of the human hand. Many robots are equipped with specialized grippers for gripping specific devices such as a rack of test tubes or an arc welder. The joints of a robotic arm are usually driven by electric motors. In most robots, the gripper is moved from one position to another, changing its orientation. A computer calculates the joint angles needed to move the gripper to the

desired position, a process known as inverse kinematics. Some multijointed arms are equipped with servo controllers, or feedback, controllers that receive data from a computer. Each joint of the arm has a device to measure its angle and send that data to the controller. If the actual angle of the arm is not equal to the angle calculated for the desired position, the servo controller moves the joint until the arm's angle matches the computed angle. The drivers and associated computers must also process the data collected from cameras that locate objects to be grasped, or information from sensors located on the clamps that regulate the grasping force. Any robot designed to move in an unstructured or unknown environment needs multiple sensors and controls (eg, ultrasonic or infrared sensors) to avoid obstacles. Robots such as NASA planetary vehicles require a large number of sensors and computers on board some very powerful to process the complex information that allows them to move. That is particularly true for robots designed to work in close proximity to humans, such as robots that assist persons with disabilities or serving meals at a hospital. Safety must be integral to the design of robots for human service.

LEGGED WALKING ROBOS

YAMBO III
one of the moving and task performing robots,the legged-walking type, which has high terrain adaptability,is yambo III. generally walking robots need so many degrees
of freedom (DOF) that robots become heavy and its mechanism become more complicated. one of the effective solutions to these problems is developing the robot with bipedal configuration.

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MORPH 3
officials and researchers in japan, home to almost halfthe world's 756,000 industrial robots, hope a new robot industry will give the stagnant economy a boost.japanese researchers want to advance the technology by improving mobility or making robots more autonomous.morph 3, a 38-cm-tall humanoid robot, tries to stand after being laid on its back during an experiment at the chiba institute of technology in narashino, chiba prefecture.the project is a joint project between kitano symbiotic system
project and leading edge design corp.athletic properties of the robot become the highest among the same size robots in the world.the robot appeared on the stage of robocup 2002 held in fukuoka, japan.


CYCLOPS
is an interactive human-shaped machine. the machine is equipped with a single camera eye and a spinal column structure. this work was developed for 'robot meme exhibition'at the national museum of innovative technology and emerging science, tokyo, in 2001. cyclops was shown in september 2002at ars electronica center in linz, austria as a part of its permanent exhibition.


DB
an expert in brain science, kawato developed the DB,a humanoid robot that can imitate human action, based on his knowledge that the cerebellum plays a key role in learning and memory. however, the robot has managed to learn only 24 kinds of human action over three years.


ATOM
japanese researchers are advocating a grand project,under which the government would spend 50 billion yen a year over three decades to develop a humanoid robot with the mental, physical and emotional capacity of a 5-year-old human - the atom project.

spider like robots

comet III was designed by chiba university professor kenzo nonami, and is part of a state-funded project to develop de-mining technologies for afghanistan. four metres long and weighing one tonne,the comet III walks on six sturdy metal legs.an additional limb in front is equipped with a metaldetector and radar to find mines, while a second sprays paint on the ground to mark the spot.

snake like robots

souryu:-
snake robots are also known as serpentine robots.as the name suggests, these robots possess multiple actuatedjoints thus mulitple degrees of freedom.this gives them superior ability to flex, reach, and approach ahuge volume in its workspace with infinte number of configurations.this redundance in configurations gives them the technical name:hyper redundant robots. ideally, the future snake design will consist of three degree of freedom stages - roll, pitch, and extension.souryu or blue dragon, is a remote-controlled robot designed bytokyo institute of technology's professor shigeo hirose.the snake-like souryu crawls using six tracks, two on each side of its three-part body. it is equipped with a camera and microphone to search for victims, and can bend at the joints or roll over on its side to maneuver through rubble.

TYPES OF PRIMITIVE ROBOS

1) snake like robots
2)spider like robots
3)legged walking robots



most of today's robots operate with a program written by humans. in order to develop a robot that can think and move like a 5-year-old, we have to first understand the mechanism of how human brains work,' mitsuo kawato, chief of the computational neuroscience laboratories at the kyoto-based advanced telecommunications
research institute internationa said, admitting the difficulty of his project. 'that will be equal to understanding human beings.'

the project was inspired by the popular robot animation series'tetsuwan atom' by the late cartoonist osamu tezuka (unlike cartoonist tezuka's 'atom' character, known as 'astro boy' overseas, based on an image of a 9-year-oldboy, the atom project aims to create a humanoid robot with the physical, intellectual and emotional capacity of a 5-year-old that would be able to think and move on its own). the researchers say it would help promote scientific and technological advances in japan, just like the u.s. apollo project, which not only succeeded in landing men on the moon but contributed to a broad range of technological breakthroughs - a project of this magnitude would inject much-needed vigor into a nation depressed from years of economic slump.

THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT ROBOTICS

Robotics brings together several very different engineering areas and skills. There is metalworking for the body. There is mechanics for mounting the wheels on the axles, connecting them to the motors and keeping the body in balance. You need electronics to power the motors and connect the sensors to the controllers. At last you need the software to understand the sensors and drive the robot around.
This blog tries to cover all the key areas of robotics as a hobby. When possible examples from industrial robots will be addressed too.
You'll notice very few "exact" values in these texts. Instead, vague terms like "small", "heavy" and "light" will be used. This is because most of the time you'll have a lot of freedom in picking these values, and all robot projects are unique in available materials.

ROBOTICS

Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots.[3] Robotics is related to the sciences of electronics, engineering, mechanics, and software.
A robot is a mechanical contraption which can perform tasks on its own, or with guidance. In practice a robot is usually an electromechanical machine which is guided by computer and electronic programming. Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and come in those two basic types: those which are used for research into human-like systems, such as ASIMO and TOPIO, and those for more defined and specific roles, such as nano and swarm robots; and helper robots which are used to make or move things or perform menial or dangerous tasks, such as industrial robots or mobile or servicing robots. Another common characteristic is that, by its appearance or movements, a robot often conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own.